The Evolution of the Italian Water and Wastewater Industry in the Period 1994–2018

Abstract

In 1994, a far-reaching reform of water and sanitation utilities was launched. Integration, industrialisation, self-sufficiency and cost-recovery were its keywords. Initially welcomed by an overwhelming consensus, the reform soon met implementation difficulties and experienced piecemeal application. In 2011, following a popular referendum, fundamental innovations in the regulatory system were introduced. This chapter reviews the industrial development (governance, arrangements, price regulations) through legislation, the establishment of an independent regulatory authority, and the impact of all these factors on prices, performance, investment and quality improvements.