Reinforcement Analysis Using the Composite Element Method

Abstract

This chapter implements the composite element method (CEM) towards the explicit simulation of jointed rock mass reinforced by fully-grouted bolts and pre-stress anchor cables. The joint, bolt/stranded wire, and grout are all embedded within the composite element, meanwhile the bolt/grout and rock/grout interfaces are taken into account. Use is further made of p-refinement to enlarge the shape function space for the complex deformation pattern within a composite element containing reinforcement components and discontinuities. This chapter is closed with a number of validation examples cross-referenced by FEM computation/physical test and two successful engineering application cases related to gravity dam and underground cavern.