Morphogenetic Activities of Bendiocarb as Cholinesterase Inhibitor on Development of the Chick Embryo

Abstract

1.1 Xenobiotics and pesticides Xenobiotics are exogenous foreign substances with different effects on living organism. One group of xenobiotics present agrochemicals including pesticides that can be related to many health disorders. Besides acute intoxication these can also cause motor and sensory disorders (e. g. Parkinson s disease), carcinogenic diseases, reproduction disorders, immunosupression and allergic states, etc. From a medical view these exogenous foreign environmental compounds commend great respect. The animal eukaryotic multicellular organism is a complicated multistage process at the molecular, physiological and morphological levels. Various negative regulating factors can pass into their processes. Teratogenesis and consequently malformation, eventually death of embryo or foetus can be a result. Some pesticide action of cholinesterase inhibitors, which prevent of inhibit cholinesterase from cleaning up unused acetylcholine also belong to this group. Many of these xenobiotics are certified or assumed to be carcinogenic, embryotoxic or foetotoxic and teratogenic chemical compounds. Agrochemicals, as chemicals used in agriculture, include a broad range of products used for the nutrition of plants, protection of fruits, protection and nutrition of animals. There are pesticides, substances used as repellents or destroyers of all sorts of plant and animal pests. At present, among more than 700 registered pesticides around the world, there are herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, nematocides, bactericides, algicides, molluscocides, ascaricides, etc. They are exogenous foreign substances, xenobiotics, with various consequences for living organisms. Their effect depends mainly from substances activity, from their metabolizing, respectively (Wylie et al., 2005). It is known that pesticides can cause acute intoxication or carcinomas. Many of these suppress the immune system which increases its susceptibility to virus, bacteria and parasitic infections and to tumours. It is known that farmers are population with a high risk of Hodgkin s disease, melanomas, multiply myeloma and leukaemia.