Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of cubic bismuth zinc niobium oxide nanopowders

Abstract

Bismuth zinc niobium oxide (BZN) was successfully synthesized by a diol-based sol-gel reaction utilizing metal acetate and alkoxide precursors. Thermal analysis of a liquid suspension of precursors suggests that the majority of organic precursors decompose at temperatures up to 150°C, and organic free powders form above 350°C. The experimental results indicate that a homogeneous gel is obtained at about 200°C and then converts to a mixture of intermediate oxides at 350-400°C. Finally, single-phased BZN powders are obtained between 500 and 900°C. The degree of chemical homogeneity as determined by X-ray diffraction and EDS mapping is consistent throughout the samples. Elemental analysis indicates that the atomic ratio of metals closely matches a BinNbcomposition. Crystallite sizes of the BZN powders calculated from the Scherrer equation are about 33-98 nm for the samples prepared at 500-700°C, respectively. The particle and crystallite sizes increase with increased sintering temperature. The estimated band gap of the BZN nanopowders from optical analysis is about 2.60-2.75 eV at 500-600°C. The observed phase formations and measured results in this study were compared with those of previous reports.