Peptaibols: Antimicrobial peptides from fungi

Abstract

Peptaibols are a large family of homologous linear bioactive peptides secreted by a variety of fungi by using non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). They are unique in possessing a nonstandard amino acid α-aminoisobutyric acid, which imparts α-helix structure to the molecule empowering its bioactivity. This rare amino acid in their sequence imparts resistance to the host or pathogen proteases, thus making it altogether different and more effective among the known shortlength peptides. They are effective as bioactive agents due to their ability to form ion channels and permeabilize the cell membranes; thus, they are active against several dreadful diseases, including cancer cells. Furthermore, treatment of leishmaniasis using peptaibols-antiamoebin (AAM) and suzukacillin A (SZA)-has opened a new avenue for using synergistic approaches in medical treatment with minimum risk. The discovery of peptaibols from the marine fungi and other unique locations offers opportunities for further findings in this area along with the need for applying synergistic approaches for improved bioactivity against various disease causing organisms.