Management and Regulation of Antibiotics and Antibiotics Resistance Genes in Soils

Abstract

There is growing concern worldwide about the role of antibiotics polluted soil in the development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is clearly a global challenge, local action is necessary to reduce its spread via the environment. Indeed, regional management regimes for agricultural and clinical use of antibiotics, together with good hygiene, have in many cases proved successful in minimizing resistance on a national basis. The present chapter aims to identify management options for reducing the spread of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance determinants via environmental pathways. We focused on management options with respect to bioremediation as sustainable soil management, limiting agricultural sources; treatment of hospital, domestic, and industrial wastewater. This chapter also identified several options, such as runoff control, nutrient management, and infrastructure upgrades. The importance of monitoring and validating effectiveness of management strategies is also highlighted. Environmental releases of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria can in many cases be reduced at little or no cost. Although risk reductions are often difficult to quantify, the severity of accelerating worldwide morbidity and mortality rates associated with antibiotic resistance strongly indicate the need for action.