Side Effects of Pesticides on Neoseiulus californicus（Acari: Phytoseiidae）— A Comprehensive Evaluation Combined with Directly Exposed and Residual Toxicity

Abstract

The toxicity of 85 insecticides, 20 acaricides, 70 fungicides, and 15 spreaders was tested against the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus（McGregor）（Acari: Phytoseiidae）. Four neonicotinoids, 1 sulfoximine, 2 pyridine azomethine derivatives, 2 Bacillus thuringiensis and the insecticidal proteins they produce, 6 benzoylureas, 1 buprofezin, 3 diacylhydrazines, 1 oxadiazine, 1 semicarbazone, 6 diamides, flonicamid, pyridalyl, flometoquin, 9 acaricides, 4 spiracle-blocking insecticides, 52 fungicides, and 13 spreaders were harmless to the survival of adult females and immature individuals. These pesticides had little effect on the survival of adult females but 2 neonicotinoids, 1 semicarbazone, flometoquin, 3 acaricides, 2 spiracle-blocking insecticides, 11 fungicides, and 4 spreaders reduced the fecundity. The residual toxicity of 7 insecticides, 6 acaricides, and 5 fungicides were examined against the adult females. These pesticides could be divided into 3 groups: Group A（materials that were harmful as less than 14-day-old residues）: fenitrothion, imidacloprid, spinosad, spinetoram, emamectin, milbemectin, bifenazate, and pyflubumide + fenpyroximate, Group B（materials that were harmful as 14 to 21-day-old residues）: thiamethoxam, spirotetramat, etoxazole, propineb, mancozeb, and chinomethionat, and Group C（materials that were harmful as 21 to 28-day-old residues）: amitraz, pyridaben, thiophanate-methyl, and diethofencarb + thiophanate-methyl