Institutional Racism in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology

Abstract

This book examines the deep roots of racism in the mental health system. Suman Fernando weaves the histories of racial discourse and clinical practice into a narrative of power, knowledge, and black suffering in an ostensibly progressive and scientifically grounded system. Drawing on a lifetime of experience as a practicing psychiatrist, he examines how the system has shifted in response to new forms of racism which have emerged since the 1960s, highlighting the widespread pathologization of black people, the impact of Islamophobia on clinical practice after 9/11, and various struggles to reform. Engaging and accessible, this book makes a compelling case for the entrenchment of racism across all aspects of psychiatry and clinical psychology, and calls for a paradigm shift in both theory and practice. Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; 1 Introduction; References; 2 How 'Race' Began, and the Emergence of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology; 2.1 Race Thinking; 2.2 Exploration, Colonialism, Race-Slavery; 2.3 The European Enlightenment; 2.4 Scientific Racism; 2.5 Origins of Western Psychology and Psychiatry; 2.6 The Scientific Paradigm; 2.7 Biologisation of Mind; 2.8 Sociopolitical Context; 2.9 Limitations of Knowledge; 2.10 Modern Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology; References; 3 Race Thinking and Racism Become the Norm; 3.1 Effects of Colonisation. 3.2 Power of Racism3.3 Distortions of History; 3.4 The Arts and Nineteenth-Century Sociology; 3.5 Nineteenth-Century Psychology and Psychiatry; 3.6 Inherited Instincts; 3.7 Race Psychology; 3.8 Mental Pathology and the of race-linked illnesses'. Amend if necessary.; References; 4 New Racisms Appear in the 1960s; 4.1 Transformations After WWII; 4.2 American Social Studies; 4.3 Black Protest in the UK; 4.4 Definitions of Racism and Race; 4.5 New Racisms in the UK; 4.6 Racist IQ Movement; 4.7 Alleged Mentality of Black People; 4.8 Racism in Cultural Research; 4.9 Conclusions; References. 5 Racism in a Context of Multiculturalism5.1 Discrimination, Diagnosis and Power; 5.2 Ethnic Issues in Mental Health Services; 5.3 Racialisation; 5.4 Racism in 'Psy' Research; 5.5 Manipulation of Research Findings; 5.6 Explanations for 'Schizophrenia' in Black People; 5.7 Racialisation of the Schizophrenia Diagnosis; References; 6 Struggle Against Racism in the UK; 6.1 The Macpherson Report; 6.2 Transcultural Psychiatry in the UK; 6.3 Action on Apartheid; 6.4 Action by Black Professionals; 6.5 The Black Voluntary Sector (BVS); 6.6 Institutional Action; 6.7 Government Action. 6.8 Illustrations of Institutional Racism6.8.1 The MOST Project; 6.8.2 The Ipamo Project; 6.8.3 Racist Exploitation of a Black Organisation; 6.8.4 Racism in a Government Body; 6.9 Race Matters in Professional Associations; References; 7 Persistence of Racism Through White Power; 7.1 Controlling Racialised Minorities; 7.2 Employment in the Mental Health System; 7.3 Institutional Racism in the Department of Health (DOH); 7.4 Black People in White-Dominated Systems; 7.5 How Whiteness Operates; 7.6 Privilege and Power; 7.7 White Knowledge; References; 8 Racism Post-9/11. 8.1 Diasporic Identities, Nationalisms and Multiculturalism8.2 Obama Years; 8.3 Rise of the Political Right; 8.4 Civil Unrest; 8.5 Changes in the Field of Mental Health; 8.6 Racist Conclusions of Psychiatric Research; 8.7 Racism of a Psychology Report; 8.8 Islamophobia; 8.9 The 'Psy' Disciplines and Islamophobia; 8.10 Conclusions; References; 9 Racism with the Advent of Trump and After Brexit; 9.1 New Era of Unashamed Racism?; 9.2 Why Racism Has Persisted; 9.3 Future of the 'Psy' Disciplines; 9.4 Conclusions; References; Bibliography; Author Index; Subject Index.