Designing Food Cultures: Propagating the Consumption of Seaweed in the Azores Islands Through Recipes

Abstract

Toxicology in Antiquity is the first in a series of short format works covering key accomplishments, scientists, and events in the broad field of toxicology, including environmental health and chemical safety. This first volume sets the tone for the series and starts at the very beginning, historically speaking, with a look at toxicology in ancient times. The book explains that before scientific research methods were developed, toxicology thrived as a very practical discipline. People living in ancient civilizations readily learned to distinguish safe substances from hazardous ones, how. Front Cover; History of Toxicology and Environmental Health; Copyright Page; Toxicology in Antiquity; Contents; List of Contributors; Foreword; References; Preface to the Series and Volumes 1 and 2; 1 Toxicology in Ancient Egypt; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Snakes as Described in the Brooklyn Papyrus; 1.2.1 Snake Identification; 1.2.2 Symptoms of Snakebite; 1.2.3 Prognosis; 1.2.4 Treatment; 1.3 Scorpions; 1.3.1 The Berlin Papyrus; 1.4 Tetanus; 1.5 Plant and Mineral Toxins; References; 2 The Death of Cleopatra: Suicide by Snakebite or Poisoned by Her Enemies? 2.1 Cleopatra's ancestry and historical background of the era2.2 Cleopatra's reign. Her downfall and her death; 2.3 Epilogue; References; 3 Mithridates of Pontus and His Universal Antidote; 3.1 Influences; 3.2 Pharmacological and Toxic Riches; 3.3 Avoiding Assassination by Poison; 3.4 The Secret Antidote; 3.5 Mithridatium's Legacy; References; 4 Theriaca Magna: The Glorious Cure-All Remedy; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Theriac in Antiquity; 4.3 Theriac in the Medieval Period; 4.4 Theriac in the Renaissance; 4.5 Conclusion; References. 5 Nicander, Thêriaka, and Alexipharmaka: Venoms, Poisons, and Literature5.1 The Thêriaka; 5.2 The Alexipharmaka; 5.3 The Nicandrean Question; 5.4 Ancient Toxicology; 5.5 Venoms, Poisons, and Art; Reference; 6 Alexander the Great: A Questionable Death; 6.1 Alexander's Last Days; 6.2 Modern Theories of Natural Causes; 6.3 Modern Theories of Poisoning; 6.4 The Styx River Poison Plot; References; 7 Harmful Botanicals; 7.1 Classical Toxicology; 7.2 Sources and Data; 7.3 Analysis; 7.4 Conclusion; References; 8 The Case Against Socrates and His Execution; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Historical Literature. 8.3 Hemlock in Ancient Scientific Literature8.4 Modern Pharmacological Analysis; 8.5 Toward a Renewed Interpretation; 8.6 Conclusion; References; 9 The Oracle at Delphi: The Pythia and the Pneuma, Intoxicating Gas Finds, and Hypotheses; References; Recommended Reading; 10 The Ancient Gates to Hell and Their Relevance to Geogenic CO2; 10.1 Introduction; 10.2 Why Enter the Realm of the Shadows?; 10.2.1 The Souls of the Mortals; 10.2.2 Incubation and Cure; 10.2.3 Necromancy; 10.2.4 The Gate for Chthonic Gods and Ghosts of the Darkness; 10.3 The Geologic Background. 10.3.1 Geogenic Gas Emission-Volcanoes, Faults, and Seismicity10.3.2 Hot Water, Steam, and Geysers; 10.4 The Physicochemical Properties of CO2; 10.4.1 Carbon Dioxide is Difficult to Recognize; 10.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Forms Gas Lakes; 10.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Displaces Atmospheric Oxygen; 10.4.4 Carbon Dioxide Forms an Acid; 10.5 The Biological, Medical, and Physiological Background; 10.6 Actual Gas Concentrations Around and Within Gates to Hell; 10.7 The Known Sites of Ancient Gates to Hell; 10.7.1 Italy (Magna Graecia); 10.7.1.1 The Phlegrean Fields (Campi Flegrei); 10.7.1.1.1 Lago Averno.