Application of Membrane and Membrane-Like Technologies for State-of-the-art Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

Membrane Bioreactors (MBR's) are at the present time considered a key technology in wastewater treatment, either as a final process, or considering further additional options of water reuse, which is an emerging issue in many water-scarcity areas throughout the world. MBR technology has proved to provide reuse-quality water, and offers the unique capability to allow such upgradings while minimizing both the needs of available space and of building additional structures in an existing plant. In this paper, typical MBR projects, representing large- to small-scale applications, examples of plant upgrading, hybrid concepts, and different flow concepts, as well as examples of membrane like applications are illustrated. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.