The Relationship Between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Related Thyroid Diseases

Abstract

Diabetes and thyroid diseases are caused by endocrine dysfunction and both have been demonstrated to mutually impact each other. Variation in thyroid hormone levels, even within the normal range, can trigger the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in people with prediabetes. However, the available evidence is contradictory. The purpose of this review is to understand the pathological relationship between thyroid-related disorders and T2DM. T2DM in thyroid dysfunction is thought to be caused by altered gene expression of a group of genes, as well as physiological abnormalities that result in decreased glucose uptake increased, splanchnic glucose absorption, disposal in muscles, increased hepatic glucose output. Additionally, both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can cause insulin resistance. Insulin resistance can develop in subclinical hypothyroidism as a result of a reduced rate of insulin-stimulated glucose transfer caused by a translocation of the glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT 2) gene. On the other hand, novel missense variations in (Thr92Ala) can cause insulin resistance. Furthermore insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia resulting from diabetes can cause culminate in goitrous transformation of the thyroid gland. Thyroid-related diseases and T2DM are closely linked. Type 2 diabetes can be exacerbated by thyroid disorders, and diabetes can worsen thyroid dysfunction. Insulin resistance has been found to play a crucial role in both T2DM and thyroid dysfunction. Therefore, failure to recognize inadequate thyroid hormone levels in diabetes and insulin resistance in both conditions can lead to poor management of patients.