Benefits of pre-trained mono- and cross-lingual speech representations for spoken language understanding of Dutch dysarthric speech

Abstract

With the rise of deep learning, spoken language understanding (SLU) for command-and-control applications such as a voice-controlled virtual assistant can offer reliable hands-free operation to physically disabled individuals. However, due to data scarcity, it is still a challenge to process dysarthric speech. Pre-training (part of) the SLU model with supervised automatic speech recognition (ASR) targets or with self-supervised learning (SSL) may help to overcome a lack of data, but no research has shown which pre-training strategy performs better for SLU on dysarthric speech and to which extent the SLU task benefits from knowledge transfer from pre-training with dysarthric acoustic tasks. This work aims to compare different mono- or cross-lingual pre-training (supervised and unsupervised) methodologies and quantitatively investigates the benefits of pre-training for SLU tasks on Dutch dysarthric speech. The designed SLU systems consist of a pre-trained speech representations encoder and a SLU decoder to map encoded features to intents. Four types of pre-trained encoders, a mono-lingual time-delay neural network (TDNN) acoustic model, a mono-lingual transformer acoustic model, a cross-lingual transformer acoustic model (Whisper), and a cross-lingual SSL Wav2Vec2.0 model (XLSR-53), are evaluated complemented with three types of SLU decoders: non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), capsule networks, and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The acoustic analysis of the four pre-trained encoders are tested on Dutch dysarthric home-automation data with word error rate (WER) results to investigate the correlations of the dysarthric acoustic task (ASR) and the semantic task (SLU). By introducing the intelligibility score (IS) as a metric of the impairment severity, this paper further quantitatively analyzes dysarthria-severity-dependent models for SLU tasks.