Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae): State of knowledge and control methods

Abstract

The objective of this article is to review the knowledge on Spodoptera frugiperda and the possible management strategies against the pest to identify research areas for its integrated management. A review of the literature shows that S. frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has been causing considerable damage to maize and many other crops since its detection in several African countries and it is one of the most destructive pests to have entered Africa in the 21st century. Several control methods have been developed against this pest ranging from the use of synthetic plant protection products to agroecological and biological controls. The biology, distribution and control methods of the pest are well documented. However, Integrated Management of the pest remains a major challenge; the main control is chemical. Innovative research on biological and ecological control methods will help to overcome the constraints and promote sustainable management of the pest. Very few scientifically proven alternatives adapted to the African context exist. This gap needs to be filled by further research considering aspects such as the inventory of local natural enemies, the performance of key parasitoids and the potential of local entomopathogens for sustainable and integrated management of the pest.