Inequality, inclusion, and protest. Jeffrey Alexander’s theory of the civil sphere

Abstract

While traditional system theory regarded social movements as a problem for the functioning of society, Jeffrey Alexander understands functional differentiation as a contentious process and shifts social movements to the center of attention. Focusing on the relationship between social differentiation and integration, Alexander analyzes the public sphere as a central arena for integration. The forces shaping the public sphere are politics, law, and mass media, which establish cultural codes and enable as well as restrict mobilization. Social movements play a crucial role in balancing the tension between productive input and destructive intrusions. Alexander thus highlights the importance and potentials of social movements.