Imaging Minimal Bacteria at the Nanoscale: a Reliable and Versatile Process to Perform Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy in Mycoplasmas

Abstract

Mycoplasmas are important models in biology, as well as highly problematic pathogens in the medical and veterinary fields. The very small sizes of these bacteria, well below a micron, limits the usefulness of traditional fluorescence imaging methods, as their resolution limit is similar to the dimensions of the cells. Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms. These bacteria are important models for both fundamental and synthetic biology, owing to their highly reduced genomes. They are also relevant in the medical and veterinary fields, as they are pathogenic to both humans and most livestock species. Mycoplasma cells have minute sizes, often in the 300- to 800-nm range. As these dimensions are close to the diffraction limit of visible light, fluorescence imaging in mycoplasmas is often poorly informative. Recently developed superresolution imaging techniques can break this diffraction limit, improving the imaging resolution by an order of magnitude and offering a new nanoscale vision of the organization of these bacteria. These techniques have, however, not been applied to mycoplasmas before. Here, we describe an efficient and reliable protocol to perform s ingle- m olecule l ocalization m icroscopy (SMLM) imaging in mycoplasmas. We provide a polyvalent transposon-based system to express the photoconvertible fluorescent protein mEos3.2, enabling p hoto- a ctivated l ocalization m icroscopy (PALM) in most Mycoplasma species. We also describe the application of d irect st ochastic o ptical r econstruction m icroscopy (dSTORM). We showcase the potential of these techniques by studying the subcellular localization of two proteins of interest. Our work highlights the benefits of state-of-the-art microscopy techniques for mycoplasmology and provides an incentive to further the development of SMLM strategies to study these organisms in the future. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasmas are important models in biology, as well as highly problematic pathogens in the medical and veterinary fields. The very small sizes of these bacteria, well below a micron, limits the usefulness of traditional fluorescence imaging methods, as their resolution limit is similar to the dimensions of the cells. Here, to bypass this issue, we established a set of state-of-the-art superresolution microscopy techniques in a wide range of Mycoplasma species. We describe two strategies: PALM, based on the expression of a specific photoconvertible fluorescent protein, and dSTORM, based on fluorophore-coupled antibody labeling. With these methods, we successfully performed single-molecule imaging of proteins of interest at the surface of the cells and in the cytoplasm, at lateral resolutions well below 50 nm. Our work paves the way toward a better understanding of mycoplasma biology through imaging of subcellular structures at the nanometer scale.