Effects of genetic obesity on rat upper airway muscle and diaphragm contractile properties

Abstract

The contractile properties of pharyngeal respiratory muscle are altered in sleep apnoea and in conditions associated with sleep apnoea, such as ageing. We hypothesized that the contractile properties of the pharyngeal musculature are also altered by obesity, another factor associated with sleep apnoea. Studies compared a pharyngeal muscle, the sternohyoid, with the diaphragm. These were chosen as representative muscles whose contraction has opposing effects on upper airway patency. Both muscles were removed from nine lean and nine obese male Zucker rats (a genetic model of obesity), and isometric contractile properties were studied in vitro at 37°C. For the sternohyoid muscle, in obese compared to lean animals there were no significant differences in isometric contraction time (15.2 ± 0.3 vs 14.2 ± 0.6 ms, respectively), half-relaxation time (13.6 ± 0.5 vs 12.6 ± 0.9 ms, respectively), twitch-to-tetanic tension ratio (0.22 ± 0.02 vs 0.24 ± 0.02, respectively), force-frequency relationship, fatigue resistance (2 min fatigue index 0.20 ± 0.03 vs 0.18 ± 0.02, respectively), or maximal degree of force potentiation during repetitive stimulation (52 ± 11 vs 74 ± 20% increase, respectively). For the diaphragm, the only significant effect of obesity was a lowering of the twitch-to-tetanic tension ratio (0.25 ± 0.01 vs 0.29 ± 0.02, respectively). In obese, as in lean animals, the sternohyoid had faster isometric twitch kinetics, a larger degree of force potentiation, and lower resistance to fatigue, than the diaphragm. In lean, but not obese, animals the sternohyoid twitch-to-tetanic tension ratio was lower than and the force frequency relationship was located to the right of that of the diaphragm. In this study, genetic obesity in rats was not associated with any significant alterations in the contractile properties of the pharyngeal muscle, and only small changes in the relationship between the contractile properties of the sternohyoid and diaphragm muscle.