A review on three dimensional facial averaging for the assessment of orthodontic disorders

Abstract

The introduction of rapid, non-invasive, and reproducible imaging technology such as three dimensional (3D) surface scanners, Cone Beam CT (CBCT) and low-dose CT have made it possible to develop tools for evaluating facial morphology and accurately planning dentofacial surgery. Facial averaging using 3D facial data is one such effective tool. This paper comprehensively reviews different techniques of facial averaging and their clinical applications. All the approaches are classified according to their methodologies and their scope and limitations are discussed. Future research directions are also identified.