2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced Degradation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway

Abstract

Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent ag-onist of AhR, induces a marked reduction in steady state AhR. To analyze the mechanism of regulation of ligand-activated AhR, we examined the biochemical pathway and function of the down-regulation of the receptor by TCDD. Pulse-chase experiments reveal that TCDD shortens the half-life (t1 ⁄2) of AhR from 28 to 3 h in mouse hepatoma cells. Inhibitors of the 26 S proteasome, lacta-cystin and MG132, block the TCDD-induced turnover of AhR. The TCDD-induced degradation of AhR involves ubiquitination of the AhR protein, because (a) TCDD induces formation of high molecular weight, ubiquiti-nated AhR and (b) degradation of AhR is inhibited in ts20 cells, which bear a temperature-sensitive mutation in the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, at a nonpermis-sive temperature. Inhibition of proteasomal degradation of AhR increases the amount of the nuclear AhRArnt complex and "superinduces" the expression of endogenous CYP1A1 gene by TCDD, indicating that the proteasomal degradation of AhR serves as a mechanism for controlling the activity of the activated receptor. We also show that deletion of the transcription activation domain of AhR abolishes the degradation, whereas a mutation in the DNA-binding region of AhR or Arnt reduces the degradation; these data implicate the transcription activation domain and DNA binding in AhR degradation. Our findings provide new insights into the regulation of TCDD-activated AhR through ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.