Chronic Pain

Abstract

Patients with chronic pain are at risk for difficult to control postoperative pain. Preoperative evaluation with an emphasis on expectation management is key. In addition, a multimodal approach should be used throughout the patient’s perioperative course including opioid and non-opioid systemic pharmacotherapy, procedural interventions such as local infiltration, peripheral nerve block, and neuraxial blockade, as well as cognitive and physical nonpharmacologic modalities.