Blackstart from HVDC-connected offshore wind: Hard versus soft energization

Abstract

In recent years, renewable energy sources have been integrated on a large scale in power systems all around the world to address the environmental sustainability concerns. With conventional thermal generators being phased out, large offshore wind power plants present a viable alternative to provide blackstart services for power system restoration. By means of simulations, grid-forming wind turbines are shown to successfully energize the offshore transformer and the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) export link in a controlled manner, to ultimately supply onshore block load. Two methods for energizing the offshore network have been compared: the prevalent hard-switching approach and the more complex soft-start method. Additionally, control has been implemented to mitigate the significant transients in the export link associated with pre-charging of the onshore converter. It is shown that soft-start can provide faster energization with smaller transients compared to hard-switching. Moreover, the sensitivity analyses performed in this study illustrate the impact of pre-insertion resistor and voltage ramp-up rates on transients during hard-switching and soft-start, respectively. The results presented also show that grid-forming wind power plants can deal with controlled pre-charging of the onshore converter from its DC terminals that is essential for the safe energization and operation of the export link.