Spatial interpolation of snow water equivalency using surface observations and remotely sensed images of snow-covered area

Abstract

As demand for water continues to escalate in the western Unites States, so does the need for accurate monitoring of the snowpack in mountainous areas. In this study, we describe a simple methodology for generating gridded-estimates of snow water equivalency (SWE) using both surface observations of SWE and remotely sensed estimates of snow-covered area (SCA). Multiple regression was used to quantify the relationship between physiographic variables (elevation, slope, aspect, clear-sky solar radiation, etc.) and SWE as measured at a number of sites in a mountainous basin in south-central Idaho (Big Wood River Basin). The elevation of the snowline, obtained from the SCA estimates, was used to constrain the predicted SWE values. The results from the analysis are encouraging and compare well to those found in previous studies, which often utilized more sophisticated spatial interpolation techniques. Cross-validation results indicate that the spatial interpolation method produces accurate SWE estimates [mean R2 = 0.82, mean mean absolute error (MAE) = 4.34 cm, mean root mean squared error (RMSE) = 5.29 cm]. The basin examined in this study is typical of many mid-elevation mountainous basins throughout the western United States, in terms of the distribution of topographic variables, as well as the number and characteristics of sites at which the necessary ground data are available. Thus, there is high potential for this methodology to be successfully applied to other mountainous basins. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.