Developmental Lung Anomalies

Abstract

3 I. Anomalies by Developmental Stage A. Most pulmonary malformations arise during the embryonic and the pseudoglandular stages of lung development. B. The spectrum of developmental malformations related to lung bud formation, branching morphogenesis, and separation of the trachea from the esophagus includes laryngeal, tracheal, and esophageal atresia; tracheoesophageal fistula; pulmonary aplasia; and bronchogenic cysts. C. Development abnormalities related to the pseudoglandular stage of lung development and failure of the pleuroperitoneal cavity to close properly include intralobar pulmonary seques-tration, cystic adenomatoid malformation, tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia, and congeni-tal diaphragmatic hernia. D. The spectrum of abnormalities arising at the canalicular and the saccular stage of lung develop-ment are related to growth and maturation of the respiratory parenchyma and its vasculature and include acinar dysplasia, alveolar capillary dysplasia, and pulmonary hypoplasia. E. Acute lung injury in the neonatal period may alter subsequent alveolar and airway growth and development.