Environmental Nanotechnology Volume 3

Abstract

"This book presents the environmental benefits of nanomaterials in agriculture, water purification and nanomedicine. Nanotechnology will modify the environment both in a positive and negative way. On the one hand, new nanomaterials are promising for reducing greenhouse gases, cleaning toxic wastes and building alternative energy sources. On the other hand, some toxic nanoparticles enter and disrupt ecosystems. Therefore, research should focus on the sustainable use of nanomaterials to avoid environmental contamination. This volume is the first of several volumes on Environmental Nanotechnology, which will be published in the series Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World."-- Intro; Preface; Food, Agriculture and Water; Medicine, Energy and Pollutants; Contents; Contributors; About the Editors; Chapter 1: An Introduction to Nanomaterials; 1.1 Introduction and Historical Background; 1.2 The Nanoworld; 1.2.1 Lotus Leaves (Self Cleaning); 1.2.2 Gecko Feet (Adhesive Materials); 1.3 Nanomaterials; 1.3.1 Definitions; 1.3.2 Classifications; 1.3.2.1 Classification of Nanomaterials Based on Their Origin; 1.3.2.2 Classification of Nanomaterials Based on Chemical Composition; 1.3.2.3 Classification of Nanomaterials Based on Dimensionality; 1.3.2.3.1 Zero-Dimensional (0-D) 1.3.2.3.2 One-Dimensional (1-D)1.3.2.3.3 Two-Dimensional (2-D); 1.3.2.3.4 Three-Dimensional (3-D); 1.3.3 Structure of Nanomaterials; 1.4 Properties: The Physics at the Nanoscale; 1.4.1 Confinement Effect; 1.4.2 Surface Effects; 1.4.2.1 The Fraction of Atoms at the Surface; 1.4.2.2 Surface Structure Changes; 1.4.2.3 Increasing of Surface Energy and Tension; 1.4.3 Thermal Properties; 1.4.4 Optical Properties; 1.4.5 Magnetic Properties; 1.4.5.1 Nanocrystalline Soft Magnetic Alloys; 1.4.5.2 Superparamagnetism; 1.4.5.3 Magnetic Fluids: Ferrofluids; 1.5 Nanomaterials Synthesis Procedures 1.5.1 Bottom-Up Procedures1.5.2 Top-Down Procedures; 1.6 Applications; 1.6.1 Energy; 1.6.2 Environment; 1.6.3 Nanomedicine; 1.6.4 Sensors; 1.6.5 Nanoelectronics; 1.6.6 Food Industry; 1.6.7 Textile Industry; 1.6.8 Agriculture; 1.7 Conclusion; References; Chapter 2: Nano-food Technology and Nutrition; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Developments in Nano-food Technology; 2.3 Nano-food Products and Nutrition; 2.4 Marketing of Nano-food Products; 2.5 Safety of Nano-food Technology; 2.6 Packaging of Nano-food Products; 2.7 Conclusion; References Chapter 3: Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal Removal from Drinking Water3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Synthesis of Engineered Nanoparticles; 3.3 Traditional Drinking Water Purification; 3.3.1 Suspended Solids; 3.3.2 Dissolved Species; 3.3.3 Disinfection; 3.4 Implementation of Nanoparticles in Water Treatment; 3.5 Removal of Heavy Metals; 3.5.1 Mechanisms; 3.5.2 Evaluation Methodology; 3.5.3 Kinetics; 3.5.4 Categories; 3.5.4.1 Divalent Cations; 3.5.4.1.1 Lead; 3.5.4.1.2 Cadmium; 3.5.4.1.3 Nickel; 3.5.4.1.4 Mercury; 3.5.4.2 High-Valent Ions; 3.5.4.2.1 Chromium; 3.5.4.2.2 Molybdenum; 3.5.4.2.3 Selenium 3.5.4.2.4 Uranium3.5.4.3 Oxy-Ionic Species; 3.5.4.3.1 Arsenic; 3.5.4.3.2 Antimony; 3.6 Technical and Economic Aspects; 3.7 Environmental Issues; 3.7.1 Leaching Behavior; 3.7.2 Fate in Soil and Aquatic Systems; 3.8 Conclusions; References; Chapter 4: Nanobiosensors for Detection of Micropollutants; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Nanobiosensors; 4.2.1 Mechanism and Structure; 4.2.2 Classification; 4.2.3 Nanomaterials; 4.3 Nanomaterials for Biosensing; 4.3.1 Nanoparticles Based Biosensors; 4.3.2 Nanotubes Based Biosensors; 4.3.3 Nanowires Based Biosensors; 4.3.4 Bionanomaterials Based Biosensors