Trends and determinants of time in bed in Geneva, Switzerland

Abstract

Study Objectives: There is limited information regarding sleep duration and determinants in Switzerland. We aimed to assess the trends and determinants of time in bed as a proxy for sleep duration in the Swiss canton of Geneva. Methods: Data from repeated, independent cross-sectional representative samples of adults ( ≥ 18 years) of the Geneva population were collected between 2005 and 2011. Selfreported time in bed, education, monthly income, and nationality were assessed by questionnaire. Results: Data from 3,853 participants (50% women, 51.7 ± 10.9 years) were analyzed. No significant trend was observed between 2005 and 2011 regarding time in bed or the prevalence of short (≤ 6 h/day) and long (> 9 h/day) time in bed. Elderly participants reported a longer time in bed (year-adjusted mean ± standard error: 7.67 ± 0.02, 7.82 ± 0.03, and 8.41 ± 0.04 h/day for 35-50, 50-65, and 65+ years, respectively, p < 0.001), while shorter time in bed was reported by non-Swiss participants (7.77 ± 0.03 vs. 7.92 ± 0.03 h/ day for Swiss nationals, p < 0.001), participants with higher education (7.92 ± 0.02 for non-university vs. 7.74 ± 0.03 h/day for university, p < 0.001) or higher income (8.10 ± 0.04, 7.84 ± 0.03, and 7.70 ± 0.03 h/day for < 5,000 SFr; 5,000-9,500 SFr, and > 9,500 SFr, respectively, p < 0.001). Multivariableadjusted polytomous logistic regression showed short and long time in bed to be positively associated with obesity and negatively associated with income. Conclusion: In a Swiss adult population, sleep duration as assessed by time in bed did not change signifi cantly between 2005 and 2011. Both clinical and socioeconomic factors influence time in bed.