Environmental heterogeneity drives the distribution of copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Amazon, Araguaia, Pantanal, and Upper Paraná floodplains

Abstract

Environmental heterogeneity influences the physiology and behavior of organisms, leading to alterations in populations, communities, and ecosystems. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the spatial and temporal limnological heterogeneity on the distribution of copepods in the Amazon River floodplain, Araguaia River floodplain, Pantanal floodplain, and Upper Paraná River floodplain. We performed dispersion homogeneity tests (PERMIDISP) to analyze the limnological heterogeneity, a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) to test the relationship between limnological heterogeneity and species distribution, and a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to analyze which limnological variables explain the variation in the community composition. In our study, we observed higher environmental heterogeneity during dry periods, especially in the Amazon floodplain. The Amazon showed the highest species richness (the total number of species that occurred in each floodplain), with endemic species, also the highest abundance of individuals, especially during dry periods, which was possibly due to the biogeography, the size of the basin, and the heterogeneity of the environments. The Pantanal presented the second highest species richness and showed the highest species richness and abundance of individuals during rainy periods. The distribution of copepods was highly correlated with environmental heterogeneity. The species were mainly related to temperature, nutrients, and depth.