Are Self-Sufficient Agrarian Villages in Africa Really Poor?

  • OYAMA S
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Abstract

大山 修一 OYAMA Shuichi 2000 年に開催された国連ミレニアム・サミットでは,世界中の政治家が「ミレニアム開発目標」を設定 した.開発目標のひとつに 1 人・1 日あたりの所得 1 ドルを貧困の基準に設定し,2015 年までに貧困人口 を半減させることが挙げられている.「1 日 1 ドル未満の所得」というフレーズは,毎日食うに困って飢餓 に恐れおののく人びとの姿を想起させる.サハラ以南アフリカの人口の 6 割は農村に居住しているが,ア フリカの農村に住む人びとは飢餓に恐れおののき,衣食住に困っているのだろうか.ザンビア北西部州の カオンデ社会を事例に,焼畑と狩猟,採集,漁撈を組み合わせた多生業形態,世帯間での食料のやりとり, 村長のライフヒストリーを検証し,自分たちの食料や生活資材を自分たちで獲得しようとする自給指向性 の強さを明らかにした.アフリカ農村は孤立し,外部社会に対して閉鎖的では決してないが,自給指向性 が強く,現金を多く介在させない社会であった.つまり 1 日 1 ドルの所得を必要としない,自給に根ざし た生活様式がいまだ根強く残っているのである.1 日 1 ドル未満の所得の人びとがすべて,飢餓に苦しみ, 援助を必要とする人びとではないことを指摘した.現在,アフリカでは共同保有を基本とした慣習地の土 地制度が改正され,土地の囲い込みや私有化が進んでいる.外資の導入や資源開発も進み,今後,アフリ カは世界経済とも強くリンクし,農村も急激な変化に取り込まれていくであろう.そのとき,人びとが自 給を維持できず,1 ドル未満の所得しかない社会の最下層に位置づけられていくことを危惧する. The development goals were set out in the Millennium Declaration in 2000 and express the resolve of the world's political leaders to free people from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty. The extreme income poverty was defined by a dollar-per-day threshold. The author has a doubt to this poverty line from my research experience. This paper focused on the Kaonde shifting cultivator society of northwestern Zambia and examined the multi-subsistence activities of slash-and-burn cultivation, hunting, gathering and fishing, as well as food sharing system and life history. The Kaonde people sustain the self-sufficient by obtaining the daily living necessities, mainly food from their environment. Although the agrarian villages, even in the remote area of Zambia, have connections with market economy, the sharing system and moral economy were predominant, rather than business of buying and selling. The agrarian villagers still maintain the self-sufficient and the lifestyle does not need a dollar-per-day. All the people living below the poverty line of "a dollar-per-day" are not equal with people suffering from the hunger and poverty. Recent years, the market-based land reform promotes the introduction of foreign capital, and simultaneously land enclosure and conversions for elites in the customary land. As African economy strengthens the connection with global system, the African people will face the drastic changes. We are apprehensive that the self-sufficient people will be really positioned as the poor under the market economy. キーワード: 開発援助,焼畑農耕,国民所得,生業経済

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APA

OYAMA, S. (2011). Are Self-Sufficient Agrarian Villages in Africa Really Poor? E-Journal GEO, 5(2), 87–124. https://doi.org/10.4157/ejgeo.5.87

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