Zebrafish models of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, early onset neuropsychiatric disorder that is characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, increased impulsivity and motivational/emotional dysregulation. However, although there is a significant genetic component to ADHD, relatively few risk genes have been identified and characterized. Furthermore, despite the effectiveness of pharmacological therapies such as methylphenidate, the long-term treatment outcome varies considerably depending on the psychosocial environment. The development of novel drug treatments has been hampered by a lack of knowledge regarding the genetics and neurobiology of ADHD. It is therefore necessary to develop animal models of ADHD in order to better understand its etiology and to improve the treatment options that are available. The aim of this chapter is to explore how we can develop zebrafish as a translational model for ADHD. We will first discuss the genetics and neurobiology of the disease. We will then consider existing animal models of ADHD and examine how the unique attributes of zebrafish can be used to extend this research. Finally, we will propose promising avenues for future research using zebrafish as an ADHD-like model.