Optimum nitrogen rates for maize and wheat in North Carolina

Abstract

Nitrogen decision making and the selection of the “right” N rate in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) are difficult due to complex interactions in the N cycle with weather, management, and genetics. An adaptive management approach utilizing farmer networks and participatory learning was established to refine N rate decisions. On-farm trials were established to reflect grower N rate with additional treatments of ±25% N. In 79 site-years of wheat, N-25%, Nstd, and N+25% rate treatments were best in 37, 35, and 28% of the trials, respectively. In 100 site-years of maize, N-25%, Nstd, and N+25% rate treatments were best in 58, 30, and 12% of the trials, respectively. Grower’s selected N rates in wheat were similar to recommendations from the North Carolina Realistic Yield Expectation (RYE) database while maize N rates were an average 48 kg ha–1 higher; however, N-25% rates, which were best 58% of the time, were similar to RYE N rate. Doppler-based estimates of total precipitation from the National Weather Center explained 90% of the average maize yield variability. However, site-yield was independent of location, N rate, and total precipitation. Measures of performance (N factor productivity and N balance) varied with achieved yields but indicate most growers apply N adequate to maintain organic N lost through mineralization. Results suggest that improved approaches to N rate selection and N efficiency will likely require in-season adjustments to yield-based N rates that incorporate local management and environmental conditions throughout the growing season.