Chemical Profiling of Hedyosmum cumbalense and Hedyosmum spectabile (Chloranthaceae) Essential Oils, and Their Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticholinesterase Properties

Abstract

In Ecuador, Hedyosmum cumbalense and Hedyosmum spectabile are valued for their well-known aromatic characteristics and therapeutic benefits. In this study, fresh and dried leaves of these species were steam-distilled to obtain their essential oils (EOs) for chemical characterization and assessment of their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase properties. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a flame-ionized detector (GC-FID) with a nonpolar column was employed to determine the chemical composition, along with the enantioselective analysis. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against three Gram-positive, two Gram-negative, and two sporulated fungi. The radical scavenging properties were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays. A total of 66 and 57 compounds were identified for H. cumbalense and H. spectabile, respectively. Two pairs of enantiomers for each species were also detected, with (1R,5R)-(+)-sabinene and (1S,5S)-(–)-sabinene found in both specimens. A poor effect against Gram-positive cocci was observed on H. cumbalense (MIC of 4000 µg/mL). Both oils displayed weak antifungal activities, exhibiting a MIC of 1000 µg/mL. H. cumbalense had a good scavenging effect assessed by the ABTS radical (SC50 = 96.02 ± 0.33 µg/mL). Both EOs showed a strong anticholinesterase potential with an IC50 value of 61.94 ± 1.04 µg/mL for H. cumbalense and 21.15 ± 1.03 µg/mL for H. spectabile.