Exercise-induced changes in metabolic intermediates, hormones, and inflammatory markers associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity

Abstract

OBJECTIVE - To understand relationships between exercise training-mediated improvements in insulin sensitivity (SI) and changes in circulating concentrations of metabolic intermediates, hormones, and inflammatory mediators. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - Targeted mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify metabolic intermediates, hormones, and inflammatory markers at baseline, after 6 months of exercise training, and 2 weeks after exercise training cessation (n = 53). A principal components analysis (PCA) strategy was used to relate changes in these intermediates to changes in SI. RESULTS - PCA reduced the number of intermediates from 90 to 24 factors composed of biologically related components. With exercise training, improvements in SI were associated with reductions in by-products of fatty acid oxidation and increases in glycine and proline (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.59); these relationships were retained 15 days after cessation of exercise training (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS - These observations support prior observations in animal models that exercise training promotes more efficient mitochondrial β-oxidation and challenges current hypotheses regarding exercise training and glycine metabolism. © 2011 by the American Diabetes Association.