Batch-injection Analysis Better than ever: New Materials for Improved Electrochemical Detection and On-site Applications

Abstract

Since the development of batch-injection analysis (BIA) in 1990, the technique has been constantly upgraded, especially for electrochemical systems, including the creation of novel cell designs and association with new accessories to cover a wide range of applications. BIA systems have provided faster, portable, and more precise analyses. In addition, application of new materials as working electrodes provide improvement on sensitivity and selectivity, resulting in unique advantages for such analytical systems. This review focuses on the most recent advances of BIA systems, including the evolution of designs and materials used to construct BIA cells, with special emphasis to novel materials applied for improved electrochemical sensing. Modified electrodes with inorganic and organic nanomaterials on different substrates, including disposable platforms (screen-printed electrodes and paper-based devices) are highlighted. Boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDDE), carbon-nanotube and graphene-modified electrodes have been combined with BIA systems for a wide range of applications that demand on-site analyses.