Blood pressure control measures and cardiovascular outcomes: a prospective hypertensive cohort

Abstract

Purpose: We investigated whether blood pressure (BP) control measures, visit-to-visit BP variability, and time in therapeutic range (TTR) are associated with future cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods: Among 1,408 hypertensive patients without cardiovascular disease, we prospectively evaluated the incident major cardiovascular events over 6 years. In newly diagnosed patients, antihypertensive drug treatment was initiated. We estimated two markers of on-treatment BP control, (1) visit-to-visit BPV as the coefficient of variation of office systolic BP (BP-CV), and (2) TTR calculated as the percentage of office systolic BP measurements within 120–140mmHg across visits. Results: The hypertensive cohort (672 males, mean age 60 years, 31% newly diagnosed) had a mean systolic/diastolic BP of 142/87 mmHg. The mean number of visits was 4.9 ± 2.6, while the mean attained systolic/diastolic BP during follow-up was 137/79 mmHg using 2.7 ± 1.1 antihypertensive drugs. The BP-CV and TTR were 9.1 ± 4.1% and 45 ± 29%, respectively, and the incidence of the composite outcome was 8.3% (n = 117). After adjustment for relevant confounders and standardization to z-scores, BP-CV and TTR were associated with a 43% (95% CI, 27–62%) increase and a 33% (95% CI, 15–47%) reduction in the outcome. However, the joint evaluation of TTR and BP-CV in a common multivariable model indicated that a standardized change of TTR was associated with the outcome to a greater extent than BP-CV (mean hazard ratios of 30% vs. 24%, respectively). When combined with the higher BP standardized-CV quartile, the lower TTR quartile predicted the outcome by 2.3 times (95% CI, 1.1–5.4) compared to the inverse TTR and BP-CV quartile pattern. Conclusion: High BP-CV or low TTR was associated with future cardiovascular events in a cohort of treated hypertensive patients. As a determinant, the extent of TTR value appears greater than BP-CV when these measures are considered in the same multivariable model.