The dissemination of intimate surgery in Brazil: gender norms, dilemmas, and responsibilities in the field of aesthetic plastic surgery

Abstract

Various data sources have identified labiaplasty or nymphoplasty, aimed at the reduction of the labia minora, as an aesthetic intervention in high demand by Brazilian women and adolescents, with Brazil as the world’s leading country in the performance of this surgery. This essay discusses how and by whom the dissemination of this image is promoted and produced, with the increase in demand and in the number of surgeries performed. The study is based on an analysis of scientific journals, press stories, and other documents. The approach employs a cross-analysis of social studies of science and technology, gender studies, and anthropology of the body and health. The article analyzes how the field of plastic surgery, or more precisely its more active representatives in the media and in research output, can act to create certain demands for surgical intervention through the promotion of classificatory norms, biomedical technologies, and the publication of results with emphasis on the projected benefits. Despite the lack of consensus on the definition of hypertrophy of the labia minora, the surgery has been widely indicated and practiced and contributes to the (re) production of narrow standards associated with female gender and a certain notion of the “normal” body. Few references mention that publicizing the surgical technique and even this type of surgery in the physician’s office may be a relevant factor for understanding the phenomenon. The article suggests that the physician’s role in the promotion of this possibility for aesthetic surgical intervention, like any such practice, is not free of risks and unexpected effects and should be the target of a more in-depth debate.