Viral reverse transcriptases show selective high affinity binding to DNA-DNA primer-templates that resemble the polypurine tract

Abstract

Previous results using a SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment)-based approach that selected DNA primer-template duplexes binding with high affinity to HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) showed that primers mimicking the 3′ end, and in particular the six nt terminal G tract, of the RNA polypurine tract (PPT; HIV PPT: 5′-AAAAGAAAAGGGGGG-3′) were preferentially selected. In this report, two viral (Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV)) and one retrotransposon (Ty3) RTs were used for selection. Like HIV RT, both viral RTs selected duplexes with primer strands mimicking the G tract at the PPT 3′ end (AMV PPT: 5′-AGGGAGGGGGA-3′; MuLV PPT: 5′-AGAAAAAGGGGGG-3′). In contrast, Ty3, whose PPT lacks a G tract (5′-GAGAGAGAGGAA-3′) showed no selective binding to any duplex sequences. Experiments were also conducted with DNA duplexes (termed DNA PPTs) mimicking the RNA PPT-DNA duplex of each virus and a control duplex with a random DNA sequence. Retroviral RTs bound with high affinity to all viral DNA PPT constructs, with HIV and MuLV RTs showing comparable binding to the counterpart DNA PPT duplexes and reduced affinity to the AMV DNA PPT. AMV RT showed similar behavior with a modest preference for its own DNA PPT. Ty3 RT showed no preferential binding for its own or any other DNA PPT and viral RTs bound the Ty3 DNA PPT with relatively low affinity. In contrast, binding affinity of HIV RT to duplexes containing the HIV RNA PPT was less dependent on the G tract, which is known to be pivotal for efficient extension. We hypothesize that the G tract on the RNA PPT helps shift the binding orientation of RT to the 3′ end of the PPT where extension can occur.