Cyclononanes: The extensive chemistry of fundamentally simple ligands

Abstract

The cyclononane ligands are fundamental examples of the macrocyclic ligand. With three donor atoms in a nine-membered ring they represent the simplest of the macrocyclic class. However, this simplicity is deceptive, for within this class the variations are extensive and perhaps hitherto unrecognised. As well as the relatively familiar 1,4,7-triaza-([9]aneN3) and 1,4,7-trithia-([9]aneS3) cyclononanes whole families of cyclononane ligands are known with thioether/nitrogen, nitrogen/oxygen, selenium, tellurium as well as phosphorus and arsenic donors. The chemistry of some of these ligands, for example [9]aneN2S, [9]aneNS2 and [9]aneN2O has been reported extensively, and some examples have simply been reported as having been synthesised (for example [9]aneO2S and [9]aneO2Se) with little other information. This review attempts to introduce the extensive chemistry of what are fundamentally the simplest examples of macrocyclic ligands.