Theoretic-methodological bases of formation of social protection in the Russian empire

Abstract

In Russia every year the number of the most vulnerable part of people for various reasons increases: orphans, disabled people, unwed mothers, children with a different incurable or serious illness, pensioners, addicts, refugees, migrants and asocial people. All of them need social protection which represents set of trustee measures and means for creation of the available environment for their activity. In the scientific article the object is set to define theoretic-methodological bases of formation of social protection in the Russian Empire. An object of a research was the sociocultural universals of the Russian language picture of the world ``social protection'' and a subject was verbalized concepts the ``guardianship'' and ``charity'' of the pre-revolutionary period forming it conceptual core. The methodological basis of a research is based on dialectic communication of the past with the present and application of the conceptual framework created both in historical and in social sciences as sociology and social work, political science and philology. These are such methods of a cross-disciplinary research as lexico-semantic communications and interconditionality of different types of social protection, etymological, morphological methods and the linguistic analysis. Considering a sociocultural universal of the Russian language picture of the world ``social protection'' authors have allocated it such basic theoretical concepts as guardianship, public charity, charity; categories of persons in need: poor, beggars, tramps, disabled people; social phenomena: alcoholism, deviant behavior. In a research it is revealed that the concept ``social protection'' has ancient historical traditions. Prior to the beginning of the 20th century ``social protection'' was called ``guardianship'', ``public charity''. The pre-revolutionary term ``charity'' belonged to the concept ``Order of Public Charity'' which is treated as the institution which was engaged in ``care'' about poor and sick''. The concepts ``care'' and ``guardianship'' are treated as care, protection and originate from the Roman concept ``guardianship''. Authors draw important conclusions that researches of scientists have created a conceptual framework of a sociocultural universal ``social protection'' eventually. It concerns guardianship, public charity, the charity regarding charity people patterns. Authors have also come to a conclusion that scientists during the period till February 1917 classified all types of guardianship used in a scientific turn of the pre-revolutionary period: guardianship about prisons, guardianship about national sobriety, guardianship about the poor, guardianship of the Empress Maria about blind people, parish guardianship. Separately scientists allocated guardianship about national education: boards of trustees of educational institutions, trustees of educational districts. It proves the fact that care of the state of the least protected part of the population was strategically important task.