An overview of sex hormones in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection

Abstract

Lay abstract Female and male sex hormones (SexHs) play a pivotal role in the body's defense against viral infections. SexHs and their binding molecules are among the main possible indicators of sex disparities in COVID-19 severity and response to treatment. Changes in the levels of SexHs from the childbearing age to menopause and pregnancy in females, and the aging process in males affect the immune function. This article sheds light on how physiologic hormonal differences in different sexes and in different stages of life affect COVID-19 severity. As a consequence the role of SexHs should be considered in vaccine development and treatment of COVID-19, especially for patients who suffer from hormone-related medical conditions in different stages of life.