Paddy Land Pollutants and Their Role in Climate Change

Abstract

Climate change is one of the biggest concerns because its potential impact on human life is severe. The contribution ratio of CH4, CO2, and N2O to global warming would be high even if their emission rates are small. Paddy lands may become polluted by the aggregation of several pollutants, i.e., organic and inorganic fertilizers; discharges from the quickly extending industrial territories; use of manure, and organic solid waste; and wastewater irrigation system. Paddy lands are considered to be a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through methanogenesis (a process of methane production), a microbial process that is strictly restricted to paddy fields. Overall 90% of rice land is at least temporarily flooded and produces GHGs at higher rates. The production of N2O in soils occurs during nitrification, denitrification, and microbiological processes. A positive relationship was found between the climate change and N fertilizer application with N2O emissions from paddy lands. The use of N fertilizer also stimulates and influences the CH4 emission flux between paddy land and atmosphere. The impact of biochar amendments on the CH4 emission expanded by 35.16–40.62% in paddy fields. It is of incredible concern worldwide that gaseous outflows from management of organic solid waste add to local and worldwide scale ecological procedures, for example, eutrophication, fermentation, and climate change. CH4 is generated from the disintegration of organic matter (OM) in anaerobic conditions by methanogens. Soil OM is the most well-known constraining element for methanogenesis in paddy fields. OM obtained from three primary sources: animal fertilizer, green manure, and crop deposits. The amendment of OM, for example, rice deposits and compost application, prompts expanding CH4 outflows because of anaerobic decay and results in climate change.