Skin Deep: LiDAR and Good Practice of Landscape Archaeology

Abstract

Publisher Summary The detection of toxins and pollutants in air and water environments is an important area of investigation for biosensors. This chapter provides examples of the detection of different toxins and pollutants present in these environments by biosensors and analyzes the kinetics of binding and dissociation (hybridization) in such biosensors through fractal analysis. Both single- and dual-fractal analyses are used to model the binding and dissociation kinetics of toxins and pollutants in solution to appropriate receptors immobilized on biosensor surfaces. The fractal analysis is used to analyze the binding (and dissociation, if applicable) kinetics of the binding (dose-response) of different concentrations (in mM) of phenol in solution to cells immobilized on a bio-MEMS based cell-chip, binding and dissociation of 0.88 mM hydrogen peroxide mixed with a GC2 (E. coli strain) immobilized microcell chip, binding of catechol to bentonite-vanadium (V) oxide xerogels, binding and dissociation of ethanol vapors in 40% RH to a CTO (powdered sample of Cr1.8Ti0.2O3; titanium substituted chromium oxide) thick film in a sol-gel-derived polycrystalline biosensor, binding and dissociation of different concentrations of SEB in solution to the antibody-functionalized microbeads on a sensor chip. The fractal analysis provides a better understanding of the kinetics of reactions (involving pollutants and toxins in solution), and to relate the binding and the dissociation rate coefficients with the fractal dimension or the degree of heterogeneity that exists on the sensor chip surface. The fractal analysis also provides a quantitative indication of the state of disorder (fractal dimension) and the binding (and dissociation) rate coefficient values on the biosensor surface.