New insights into mesoderm and endoderm development, and the nature of the onychophoran blastopore

Abstract

Background: Early during onychophoran development and prior to the formation of the germ band, a posterior tissue thickening forms the posterior pit. Anterior to this thickening forms a groove, the embryonic slit, that marks the anterior–posterior orientation of the developing embryo. This slit is by some authors considered the blastopore, and thus the origin of the endoderm, while others argue that the posterior pit represents the blastopore. This controversy is of evolutionary significance because if the slit represents the blastopore, then this would support the amphistomy hypothesis that suggests that a slit-like blastopore in the bilaterian ancestor evolved into protostomy and deuterostomy. Results: In this paper, we summarize our current knowledge about endoderm and mesoderm development in onychophorans and provide additional data on early endoderm- and mesoderm-determining marker genes such as Blimp, Mox, and the T-box genes. Conclusion: We come to the conclusion that the endoderm of onychophorans forms prior to the development of the embryonic slit, and thus that the slit is not the primary origin of the endoderm. It is thus unlikely that the embryonic slit represents the blastopore. We suggest instead that the posterior pit indeed represents the lips of the blastopore, and that the embryonic slit (and surrounding tissue) represents a morphologically superficial archenteron-like structure. We conclude further that both endoderm and mesoderm development are under control of conserved gene regulatory networks, and that many of the features found in arthropods including the model Drosophila melanogaster are likely derived.