Woody species patterns linked to the process of araucaria forest expansion over native grasslands excluded from management

Abstract

The forest expansion process has been observed in forest-grassland mosaics regions in the south of Brazil, mainly over grasslands excluded from cattle grazing and fire. Other factors influence this process, but the magnitude remains almost unknown. Here, we evaluated woody species community patterns on a grassland area, excluded from management for 34 years, relating them to soil and space variables. We established 110 plots (113 m2 each) over areas that were mapped in 1985 as grasslands, in the Estação Ecológica de Aracuri, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. All woody individuals and soil variables were sampled in the plots. Ordination analyses and partial redundancy analysis were applied on these data to meet our aims. Vegetation patterns were better explained by spatial variables, especially concerning the distance from the forest source. Communities closer to the old forest border were characterised by forest species – higher richness and density of zoocoric species. In the most distant border areas, grassland shrubs (Baccharis uncinella) still prevail with few established trees. Although soil had a low proportion of vegetation variance explanation (5%), this situation, however, changes as forest development advances. We conclude that forest expansion in excluded grassland areas is strongly associated with space – the forest source distance and that the effect of soil factors in this process is negligible.