Cardiovascular Computing—Methodologies and Clinical Applications

Abstract

This book provides a comprehensive guide to the state-of-the-art in cardiovascular computing and highlights novel directions and challenges in this constantly evolving multidisciplinary field. The topics covered span a wide range of methods and clinical applications of cardiovascular computing, including advanced technologies for the acquisition and analysis of signals and images, cardiovascular informatics, and mathematical and computational modeling. Intro; Preface; Contents; Cardiovascular Physiology: Basic Principles and Measurement; Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology: Basic Principles and Challenges; 1 Basic Principles of Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology; 2 Challenges in Cardiovascular Medicine; References; Current and Emerging Technologies for Cardiovascular Imaging; 1 Introduction; 2 Conventional Radiography (X-Ray) Applications in Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention; 2.1 X-Rays: Basic Physics; 2.2 X-Rays: Heart and Thoracic Aorta; 2.3 X-Rays: Coronary Arteries; 2.4 X-Rays: Carotid Arteries; 3 Computed Tomography-CT 3.1 CT: Basic Physics3.2 CT: Temporal Resolution; 3.3 CT: Spatial Resolution; 3.4 CT: Low Contrast Resolution; 3.5 CT: ECG Monitoring; 3.6 CT: Coronary Artery Disease; 3.7 CT: Cardiac Morphology; 3.8 CT: Aorta, Pulmonary Artery and Carotid Artery; 3.9 CT: Evolving Applications; 4 Nuclear Medicine; 4.1 Nuclear Medicine: Radionuclides; 4.2 Nuclear Medicine: Attenuation Correction; 4.3 Nuclear Medicine: Gated Images and ECG Triggering; 4.4 Nuclear Medicine: The SPECT Scanner; 4.5 Nuclear Medicine: The PET Scanner; 5 Ultrasound; 5.1 Ultrasound: Basic Physics; 5.2 Ultrasound: Doppler Imaging 5.3 Ultrasound: Clinical Examination5.4 Ultrasound: Evolving Applications; 6 MRI: Physics; 7 MRI: Physics-Magnetic; 8 MRI: Physics-Resonance; 9 MRI: Physics-Imaging; 10 MRI: Cardiovascular Imaging; 11 MRI: The Emergence of Sparse Imaging in Cardiovascular Disease Diagnostics; 12 Emerging Technologies; 13 Emerging Technologies: Coronary Imaging; 14 Emerging Technologies: Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS); 15 Emerging Technologies: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT); 16 Emerging Technologies: Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS); 17 Emerging Technologies: Molecular Imaging 18 Emerging Technologies: Fluorescence Tomography Imaging (FTI)19 Emerging Technologies: Magnetomotive Ultrasound (MMUS); References; Analysis of Cardiovascular Signals; Cardiac Mechanical Signals; 1 Introduction; 2 Different Categories of Cardiac Mechanical Signals; 2.1 Local Pulses; 2.2 Whole Body Signals; 3 Clinical Applications; 3.1 Heart Failure and Cardiac Pacing; 3.2 Coronary Artery Disease and Ischemic Heart Disease; 3.3 Hemodynamic Parameters; 4 Analysis Methods; 4.1 Overview of Cardio-Mechanical Delineation Algorithms 4.2 Case Study-Seismocardiography Delineation to Extract Systolic Time Intervals5 Limitations and Future Prospective; 5.1 Local Pulses; 5.2 Whole-Body Signals; References; Time-Domain Analysis of the Electrocardiogram; 1 Introduction; 2 The ECG Signal and its Nature; 2.1 ECG Recordings; 2.2 ECG Fiducial Points; 2.3 The Challenges of ECG Analysis in the Time-Domain; 3 Types of Time-Domain Analysis; 3.1 ECG Preprocessing and Denoising Fiducial Point Extraction; 3.2 Signal Averaged ECG Versus Beat to Beat Analysis; 3.3 Heart Rate and Its Variability; 4 Methods and Clinical Use