Superoxide Initiates the Hyphal Differentiation to Microsclerotia Formation of Macrophomina phaseolina

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed as the key stimulus for sclerotia development by studying fungal systems such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , and the theory has been adapted for microsclerotia development in Verticillium dahliae and Nomuraea rileyi . While many studies agreed on the association between (micro)sclerotia development and the ROS pathway, which ROS type, superoxide ( O 2 − ) or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), plays a major role in initiating hyphal differentiation to the (micro)sclerotia formation remains controversial, and literature supporting either O 2 − or H 2 O 2 can be found. The infection of Macrophomina phaseolina often results in a grayish appearance with numerous survival structures, microsclerotia, on the plant surface. Past works have studied the development of fungal survival structures, sclerotia and microsclerotia, in the Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes. However, M. phaseolina belongs to the Dothideomycetes, and it remains unclear whether the mechanism of microsclerotia formation remains conserved among these phylogenetic clades. This study applied RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to profile gene expressions at four stages of microsclerotia formation, and the results suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related functions were significantly different between the microsclerotia stages and the hyphal stage. Microsclerotia formation was reduced in the plates amended with antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, dithiothreitol (DTT), and glutathione. Surprisingly, DTT drastically scavenged H 2 O 2 , but the microsclerotia amount remained similar to the treatment of ascorbic acid and glutathione that both did not completely eliminate H 2 O 2 . This observation suggested the importance of O 2 − over H 2 O 2 in initiating microsclerotia formation. To further validate this hypothesis, the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (DETC) and H 2 O 2 were tested. The addition of DETC resulted in the accumulation of endogenous O 2 − and more microsclerotia formation, but the treatment of H 2 O 2 did not. The expression of SOD1 genes were also found to be upregulated in the hyphae to the microsclerotia stage, which suggested a higher endogenous O 2 − stress presented in these stages. In summary, this study not only showed that the ROS stimulation remained conserved for initiating microsclerotia formation of M. phaseolina but also highlighted the importance of O 2 − in initiating the hyphal differentiation to microsclerotia formation. IMPORTANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed as the key stimulus for sclerotia development by studying fungal systems such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , and the theory has been adapted for microsclerotia development in Verticillium dahliae and Nomuraea rileyi . While many studies agreed on the association between (micro)sclerotia development and the ROS pathway, which ROS type, superoxide ( O 2 − ) or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), plays a major role in initiating hyphal differentiation to the (micro)sclerotia formation remains controversial, and literature supporting either O 2 − or H 2 O 2 can be found. This study confirmed the association between ROS and microsclerotia formation for the charcoal rot fungus Macrophomina phaseolina . Moreover, the accumulation of O 2 − but not H 2 O 2 was found to induce higher density of microsclerotia. By integrating transcriptomic and phenotypic assays, this study presented the first conclusive case for M. phaseolina that O 2 − is the main ROS stimulus in determining the amount of microsclerotia formation.