Nanostructuring of biomaterials and reducing implant related infections via incorporation of silver and copper as antimicrobial elements: an overview

Abstract

Metals play an essential role in biochemistry, and the use of metals for antimicrobial applications has been well studied. Biomaterials incorporating copper and silver demonstrated high antimicrobial activity while maintaining good cytocompatibility. In this overview, nanostructure processing is underscored as a method to overcome the shortcomings of conventional bioceramics. Restructuring crystalline structures at the nanoscale make it less susceptible to brittle fracture. Furthermore, the bioactivity of the material is significantly improved through nanoscale surface modifications such as coatings. The effectiveness of nanostructured biomaterials featuring copper and silver in combatting bacterial attachment and proliferation is described. Nanoscale copper-containing stainless steel achieved antimicrobial activity by disrupting bacterial metabolism and damaging bacterial membranes while providing a conducive environment for cellular proliferation. Copper-containing stainless steels can be used to prevent marine corrosion, food preservation and combat implant-related infections. It is envisaged that future antimicrobial strategies will continue to feature copper and silver nanostructured biomaterials prominently.