Psychosocial Skills and School Systems in the 21st Century

Abstract

Although the expectancy-value framework offers a multidimensional approach to understanding student motivation within educational contexts, both expectancy and value have their own rich bodies of literature. In an effort to help organize an understanding of this research area, the first purpose of our chapter is to offer sep- arate, historical reviews of expectancy and value constructs. A second purpose of our chapter is to consider integrative approaches that combine expectancy and value constructs within the same model. The final purpose of our chapter is to highlight an emerging body of intervention work designed to manipulate and im- prove students’ expectancies and values. By identifying the sources of expectancy and value that are amenable to change, we can help teachers and schools diagnose why students struggle and what practitioners can proactively do to enhance stu- dent motivation