Climate changes: Economic impact and implication

Abstract

Climate changes nowadays present a topic of huge importance taking into account its influence on conducting monetary and fiscal policy, achieving and improving financial stability, but also it is a concern for regulators and supervisors. In order to have an appropriate reaction, it is necessary to identify risk from climate changes in a timely manner. Three categories of climate-related risks can be identified: 1) physical risks which are associated with more frequent severe weather events and permanent changes in the environment, 2) transition risks that represent the policies and technological changes needed to achieve a greener economy and 3) liability risk which represents the impacts that could arise tomorrow if parties who have suffered loss or damage from the effects of climate change seek compensation from those they hold responsible. As a way to achieve satisfactory results in the fight against climate change risks, the financial institutions developed climate change risk management approaches, which include a variety of methods and instruments. The aim of this paper is the presentation of impact and implication regarding climate change regulations, identification of the risks and its management approaches, as well as economic cost and proposals for future action.