Moisture content of high-straw dry cow diets affects intake, health, and performance of transition dairy cows

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding water to a high-straw dry cow diet on feeding behavior, health, and performance of dairy cows. Holstein cows (n = 40) entering their second or greater lactation were enrolled at dry off (∼45 d before expected calving) and assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments, consisting of a high-straw dry cow total mixed ration [TMR; 36% wheat straw, 41% corn silage, 23% pellet, on a dry matter (DM) basis, formulated for 11.6% crude protein, 1.35 Mcal/kg net energy for lactation] with (1) no water (CON; n = 20; DM = 53.4%) or (2) water added to decrease the DM by ∼10 percentage points (wet diet, WD; n = 20; DM = 45.4%). Upon calving, all cows were fed the same lactating TMR (45.2% DM, 14.9% crude protein, 1.68 Mcal/kg net energy for lactation) and followed for 28 d. Dry matter intake, feeding behavior, and rumination activity were recorded automatically. Fresh TMR and orts samples were collected 2×/wk to determine differences in sorting. A particle separator was used to separate feed samples into 4 fractions: long (>19 mm), medium (<19, >8 mm), short (<8, >4 mm), and fine (<4 mm) particles. Feed sorting was calculated as actual intake of each particle fraction expressed as a % of predicted intake. Cows fed WD had greater DM intake during the dry period than cows fed CON (CON = 13.4 ± 0.24, WD = 14.2 ± 0.24 kg/d), but rumination did not differ (CON = 522.2 ± 8.48, WD = 518.5 ± 8.69 min/d) between treatments. Cows fed WD tended to consume their feed faster (CON = 0.08 ± 0.001, WD = 0.09 ± 0.001 kg of DM/min) compared with CON cows. Regardless of treatment, cows sorted against the longest ration particles, with cows fed CON sorting more against these (CON = 81.1 ± 2.51%, WD = 94.9 ± 2.58%). Cows fed CON tended to sort more in favor of the medium particles than those fed WD (CON = 105.0 ± 0.36%, WD = 104.2 ± 0.37%). Postcalving DM intake and feeding behavior were not affected by dry diet treatment. Cows fed WD experienced a less rapid daily decline in rumen pH during the first 7 d after calving compared with those fed the CON diet. The results suggest that increasing the moisture content of high-straw dry cow diets, by adding water, may improve intake and reduce sorting against the longest ration particles, which may help promote consistency in targeted nutrients consumed during the dry period and greater rumen health in early lactation.