Pancreatic β cells in metabolic syndrome

Abstract

Obesity is considered a major public health problem worldwide. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of signs that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The main characteristics of metabolic syndrome are central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. It is clear that the progression of metabolic syndrome to T2DM depends on the environment and the genetic traits of individuals. Pancreatic β cells are fundamental for nutrient homeostasis. They are the unique cells in the organisms that produce and secrete insulin. The actions of insulin are anabolic, stimulating glucose entry to adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and promoting nutrient storage. However, insulin receptors are present in every mammalian cell, and not all the physiological effects of this hormone are completely understood. Nutrients, other hormones, and neurotransmitters regulate insulin secretion, and the main ones will be discussed in this chapter. We will summarize how metabolic changes modify β-cell physiology and the actions of insulin in metabolic syndrome, eventually leading to the development of T2DM.