Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine in parkinsonism

Abstract

Pharmacogenetic-pharmacogenomic development from a single gene approach to incorporate pathway-based and genome-wide approaches has been benefitted from the emergence of several parallel technologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics which have contributed to and enhanced significantly propensities for generation and testing of pharmacogenomic hypotheses both paralleled and followed by associated developments in the clinical practice for treating Parkinson’s disease (PD). The notion of “personalized medicine,” incorporating the customization of healthcare, with decisions and practices that suited to each individual patient through application of genetic, biomarker, gene- environment interactive, or other information, involves principles through which drugs, drug combinations, and drug administration properties are optimized for each individual’s unique genetic makeup. The personalized medication of antiparkinsonian drug therapy; the symptomatic and regional disruptions; genetic, epigenetic, and biomarkers of the disorder; and the pharmacogenomics of neuroleptic drug-induced parkinsonism provide outlets for eventual understanding and management. As a case study in personalized medicine in the laboratory, physical exercise combined with the electromagnetic wavelength treated Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Milmed, was demonstrated to abolish the marked hypokinesia induced by the dopamine (DA) neurotoxin, MPTP, as well as the severe loss of DA in the striatal region of the C57/BL6 mice studied. The Exercise-Milmed coadministration induced also a profound increase in brain-derived neurotrophin levels (BDNF) in the mouse parietal cortex region that included the motor cortex.