Resolvent positive linear operators exhibit the reduction phenomenon

Abstract

The spectral bound, s(αA + βV), of a combination of a resolvent positive linear operator A and an operator of multiplication V, was shown by Kato to be convex in β ∈ ℝ. Kato's result is shown here to imply, through an elementary "dual convexity" lemma, that s(αA + βV) is also convex in α > 0, and notably, ∂s(αA + βV)?∂α ≤ s(A). Diffusions typically have s(A) ≤ 0, so that for diffusions with spatially heterogeneous growth or decay rates, greater mixing reduces growth. Models of the evolution of dispersal in particular have found this result when A is a Laplacian or second-order elliptic operator, or a nonlocal diffusion operator, implying selection for reduced dispersal. These cases are shown here to be part of a single, broadly general, "reduction" phenomenon.